类型操作

• Generics范型：传递参数的类型
• Keyof类型操作符：使用 keyof 操作符来创建新类型
• Typeof类型操作符：使用 typeof 操作符来创建新类型
• Indexed Access Types索引访问类型：使用Type['a']语法来访问类型的子类型
• Conditional Types条件类型：在类型系统中行为向 if 语句x extends y?true:false
• Mapped Types映射类型：通过在现存类型中映射每个属性来创建类型
• Template Literal Types模板字面量类型：通过模板字面量字符串改变属性的映射类型

工具类型

• Partial<T>
• Required<T>
• Readonly<T>
• Record<K,T>
• Pick<T>
• Omit<T>
• Exclude<T>
• Extract<T>
• NonNullable<T>
• Parameters<T>
• ConstructorParameters<T>
• RetureType<T>
• InstanceType<T>
• ThisParameters<T>
• OmitThisParameters<T>
• ThisType<T>

字符串的基本操作

• Uppercase<StringT>
• Lowercase<StringT>
• Capitalize<StringT>
• Uncapitalize<String>

0. 类型是所有满足某些特征的 JS 值的集合

1. 静态索引签名：

class Foo {
  static hello = 'hello'
  static world = 1234

  static [propName: string]: string | number | undefined
}

// Valid.
Foo['whatever'] = 42

// Has type 'string | number | undefined'
let x = Foo['something']

2. 实例索引签名：

class Foo {
  hello = 'hello'
  world = 1234;

  // This is an index signature:
  [propName: string]: string | number | undefined
}

let instance = new Foo()

// Valid assigment
instance['whatever'] = 42

// Has type 'string | number | undefined'.
let x = instance['something']

3. 检查Promise真值：

async function foo(): Promise<boolean> {
  return false
}

async function bar(): Promise<string> {
  if (foo()) {
    //  ~~~~~
    // Error!
    // This condition will always return true since
    // this 'Promise<boolean>' appears to always be defined.
    // Did you forget to use 'await'?
    return 'true'
  }
  return 'false'
}

4. 检查实例私有属性：

class Foo {
  #someMethod() {
    //...
  }

  get #someValue() {
    return 100
  }

  publicMethod() {
    // These work.
    // We can access private-named members inside this class.
    this.#someMethod()
    return this.#someValue
  }
}

new Foo().#someMethod()
//        ~~~~~~~~~~~
// error!
// Property '#someMethod' is not accessible
// outside class 'Foo' because it has a private identifier.

new Foo().#someValue
//        ~~~~~~~~~~
// error!
// Property '#someValue' is not accessible
// outside class 'Foo' because it has a private identifier.

5. 静态成员私有名称：

class Foo {
  static #someMethod() {
    // ...
  }
}

Foo.#someMethod()
//  ~~~~~~~~~~~
// error!
// Property '#someMethod' is not accessible
// outside class 'Foo' because it has a private identifier.

6. 模板字符串类型

type Color = 'red' | 'blue'
type Quantity = 'one' | 'two'

type SeussFish = `${Quantity | Color} fish`
// same as
//   type SeussFish = "one fish" | "two fish"
//                  | "red fish" | "blue fish";

declare let s1: `${number}-${number}-${number}`
declare let s2: `1-2-3`

// Works!
s1 = s2

7. 属性上的写类型：

class Thing {
  #size = 0

  get size(): number {
    return this.#size
  }

  set size(value: string | number | boolean) {
    let num = Number(value)

    // Don't allow NaN and stuff.
    if (!Number.isFinite(num)) {
      this.#size = 0
      return
    }

    this.#size = num
  }
}

8. 空类型 never: 函数不返回

9. void: 没有返回一个值的函数值的类型